Proceedings of International Conference on Applied Innovation in IT
2026/03/31, Volume 14, Issue 1, pp.669-678

Enhanced DDEEC Protocol with Adaptive Threshold for Energy Efficiency in WSNs


Ali Thaeer Hameed, Taha Mohammed Hasan and Shafeeq Kanaan Shakir


Abstract: Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are increasingly utilised in various applications, including environmental monitoring, healthcare, and military surveillance. Due to the small battery sizes of sensor nodes, energy efficiency is a critical design factor, and traditional clustering protocols attempt to manage heterogeneous energy profiles. However, the Enhanced Distributed Dynamic Energy-Efficient Clustering (EDDEEC) protocol usually leads to the premature exhaustion of more advanced nodes because they are frequently selected as cluster heads. In this work, we propose the DDEEC protocol, which is based on an adaptive threshold mechanism and a fairness coefficient. These modifications aim to balance the election process for cluster heads among heterogeneous nodes. Simulations in MATLAB show that the proposed model extends the network lifetime over EDDEEC. The results indicate improvement of the DDEEC protocol, which provides a more efficient and reliable solution for heterogeneous WSNs. Specifically, the enhanced scheme increases the number of packets delivered to the base station by up to 25%, prolongs the time until the first node dies, and ensures a more equitable distribution of energy among the nodes.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Energy Efficiency, Clustering Protocol, DDEEC, Heterogeneous Networks.

DOI: Under indexing

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