The overall plasma parameters of the titanium plasma, including electron temperature, electron density, plasma frequency, Debye length, number of particles in the Debye sphere, and plasma coupling coefficient, were studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The relationship between increasing the laser energy from 400 to 700 and the plasma parameters was determined. The results showed that increasing the laser energy from 400 to 700 in steps increased the electron temperature from 0.472 to 0.500 eV (determined from a Boltzmann plot). The electron density was found to be directly proportional to increasing energy, increasing from 4.348 × 1017 to 5.797 × 1017 cm-3 (determined by Stark broadening). The increase in energy also raised the plasma frequency from 592.142 × 1010 to 683.726 × 1010 Hz. This is attributed to improved ablation efficiency, increased ionization, and plasma-laser interaction. With increased laser energy, the Debye length decreased from 7.74 × 10⁻⁶ to 6.90 × 10⁻⁶ cm, and the number of particles in the Debye sphere decreased from 845 to 799. This is because electrostatic potentials are screened over a shorter range, consistent with increased ionization and charge-carrier density at high ablation energies. The plasma coupling coefficient also indicated that the titanium plasma has weak coupling, as Γ < 1. The solar cell results showed that as power increased, the efficiency of the titanium films increased from 0.07% to 1.27%. These results support the possibility of controlling titanium plasma conditions by selecting laser energy and highlight the usefulness of LIBS for accurate plasma characterization.
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